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connectedpapers怎么下载

1、首先进入浏览器搜索connectedpapers。
2、其次进入connectedpapers官网。
3、然后点击右上角的下载，选择对应的下载版本。
4、最后点击下载，下载完毕后自定义安装就可以了。

请推荐几个好的历史论坛吧，谢谢！

世界史综合网站
WWW-VL History 网上虚拟历史图书馆。
General History Resources on the Internet 纽约大学历史系主办。
History Online-History Sources 链接了一些历史学站点。
History and Historiography 链接史学站点和史学书目。
UT International Network Information Systems Texas大学国际信息系统。包括亚洲、拉丁美洲、中东、俄罗斯和东欧四个网络信息中心，搜集相关的地区研究网站。
LINKS FOR THE HISTORY PROFESSION 由THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS建立的史学专业站点，链接了丰富的资源。
Web Sites Of Interest to Historians 历史学家感兴趣的站点。
The History Net 一个内容丰富的历史主题网站。
HyperHistory Online 在线超文本历史。链接了大量有关历史人物、事件、地图等方面的站点。形式活泼，雅俗共赏。
HISTORY CHANNEL 历史频道，一个以历史为主题的电视频道的网络版。
历史学>世界史>史前史
The Paleolithic Diet Page What the Hunter/Gatherers Ate
The Neolithic Mosaic on the North European Plain A paper by Peter Bogucki, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University.
The Development of Western Civilization I - World History I - Prehistory
The Old World Archaeology Newsletter (OWAN) is published three times a year by the Department of Classical Studies at Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459-0146, USA.
历史学>世界史>古代史
中国世界古代史研究网 由陈德正博士建立维护。 有学术组织、网文选粹、学界信息、资料索引、学者风采、教参资料、古史论坛、论著选刊、大家访谈、考研信息、论著评介、原创空间等栏目。
The Ancient World Web 一个世界古代史网站。
Exploring Ancient World Cultures An introduction to Ancient World Cultures on the World-Wide-Web.
ARACHNION A Journal of Ancient Literature and History on the Web。
Ancient/Classical History with N.S. Gill Your Guide to One of Over 700 Sites.
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
The Ancient History Bulletin The Ancient History Bulletin was founded by W. Heckel, B. Lavelle, and J. Vanderspoel; the first issue, vol. 1.1, appeared in 1987. The Ancient History Bulletin provides a forum for scholarly discussion in Ancient History and in the ancillary fields of Epigraphy, Papyrology and Numismatics, from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents From Western Europe The links connect to Western European (mainly primary) historical documents that are transcribed, reproduced in facsimile, or translated.
Worldwide Email Directory of Anthropologists
历史学>世界史>古埃及中东
Internet resources of interest to classicists and Mediterranean archaeologists:This document collects links to internet resources of interest to classicists and Mediterranean archaeologists. Please feel free to copy the links in this page for whatever purposes you see fit (the pages referred to come with their own restrictions). Entries followed by come from this server.
Egyptology Resources This page is set up with the kind assistance of the Newton Institute in the University of Cambridge to provide a World Wide Web resource for Egyptological information.
Egyptology.com 一个埃及学站点。
Jack's Egyptology Links 一个埃及学站点宝库。
The Duke Papyrus Archive provides electronic access to texts about and images of 1,375 papyri from ancient Egypt. The target audience includes: papyrologists, ancient historians, archaeologists, biblical scholars, classicists, Coptologists, Egyptologists, students of literature and religion and all others interested in ancient Egypt.
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE RESEARCH ARCHIVES - REGIONAL INDEX: EGYPT INDEX OF RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ANCIENT EGYPT, INCLUDING THE TERRITORY UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE MODERN STATES OF EGYPT AND SUDAN, AND PART OF LIBYA.
Pyramids 关于金字塔的站点。
The University of Memphis Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology 孟菲斯大学埃及艺术与考古系。
SCROLLS FROM THE DEAD SEA：The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship 关于死海文书的站点。
历史学>世界史>古希腊罗马
Greek and Latin Classics Internet Resources——Here you will find links to resources for Classics and certain related disciplines (Medi?val Studies, Renaissance Studies, Patristics, etc.) on the Internet.
Classical Eireann
THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS is a photographic archive of the archaeological and architectural remains of ancient Athens (Greece). It is intended primarily as a resource for students of classical art & archaeology, civilization, languages, and history at Indiana University as a supplement to their class lectures and reading assignments and as a source of images for use in term papers, projects, and presentations. We also hope that this site will be useful to all who have an interest in archaeological exploration and the recovery, interpretation, and preservation of the past.
Sources for Thucydides 关于修昔底德的网上资源。
The History of Herodotus 希罗多德《历史》电子全文。
Thomas Martin Overview of Archaic and Classical Greek History 一本网络电子书籍。
历史学>世界史>中世纪及文艺复兴
WWW Medieval Resources——Discussion Lists & Information .Useful, basic information about the use and function of academic discussion lists, how to subscribe to them, what and where they are.Links to Texts from and about the Medieval Period Medieval History, Archeology, & Architecture Links to Databases Labyrinth, Chaucer Bibliography, ANSAXDAT, & others. Links to other Home Pages .Links to Archives of MSS Facsimiles, Art, etc. Medieval Sciences Libraries. Links to Miscellaneous Materials British Library Portico, WebLouvre, Gregorian Chant, etc....
The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies The Labyrinth's easy-to-use menus and links provide connections to databases, services, texts, and images on other servers around the world.
Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Washington & Lee University：链接了中世纪 相关学术站点。
BYZANTINE & MEDIEVAL LINKS INDEX 链接了大量关于拜占廷和中世纪研究的站点。
La Renaissance —— The term Renaissance, adopted from the French equivalent of the Italian word rinascita, meaning literally "rebirth," describes the radical and comprehensive changes that took place in European culture during the 15th and 16th centuries, bringing about the demise of the Middle Ages and embodying for the first time the values of the modern world. The consciousness of cultural rebirth was itself a characteristic of the Renaissance. Italian scholars and critics of this period proclaimed that their age had progressed beyond the barbarism of the past and had found its inspiration, and its closest parallel, in the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.
历史学>世界史>近现代
The Columbus Navigation Homepage Examining the History, Navigation, and Landfall of Christopher Columbus
1492: AN ONGOING VOYAGE: an Exhibit of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC 1492. Columbus. The date and the name provoke many questions related to the linking of very different parts of the world, the Western Hemisphere and the Mediterranean. What was life like in those areas before 1492? What spurred European expansion? How did European, African and American peoples react to each other? What were some of the immediate results of these contacts? 1492: AN ONGOING VOYAGE addresses such questions by examining the rich mixture of societies coexisting in five areas of this hemisphere before European arrival. It then surveys the polyglot Mediterranean world at a dynamic turning point in its development.
Eighteenth-Century Studies This collection archives works of the eighteenth century from the perspectives of literary and cultural studies. Novels, plays, memoirs, treatises and poems of the period are kept here (in some cases, influential texts from before 1700 or after 1800 as well), along with modern criticism.
Nineteenth Century Studies Nineteenth Century Studies Association主办的跨学科刊物。
Dieciocho Dieciocho is a journal dedicated to what we call the "Hispanic Enlightenment," that is, to eighteenth-century studies in Spain and Latin America. In our pages you will find articles in English or Spanish about the literature, history, art and thought of those two areas. In addition, you will find reviews of the latest books, current bibliography and notices of upcoming events and publications.
Journal of World-systems Research 《世界体系研究》杂志。
遥远的桥：第二次世界大战
第二次世界大战
Modern European History A Research Guide:European history is a primary subject of the General Research Division and constitutes a significant portion of its holdings. The collection is extensive in all types of historical materials, including monographs, scholarly journals, bibliographies, annual surveys, pamphlets, general histories and systematic works, printed archival sources, and biographies. Geographically, the General Research Division holdings span the European continent from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean basin, and from Great Britain to Central and Eastern Europe.
Modern History - A Soviet Viewpoint:Modern History: Textbook for the Ninth Form by A. V. Efimov Published by Prosveshcheniye, 1965 Translated from the Russian by V. Travlinsky . Many years ago my friend Robert Wible was stationed in India with the United States Information Agency. He returned to the U.S. with a textbook "Modern History" which was had been published in the Soviet Union. Translated into English, the book was being used in Indian schools.
Churchill Archives Centre: home to the papers of Sir Winston Churchill and to over 400 collections of personal papers and archives documenting the history of the Churchill era and after.
THE TOKYO WAR CRIMES TRIALS: MAY 3, 1946 to NOVEMBER 12, 1948 All Japanese Class A war criminals were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo. The prosecution team was made up of justices from eleven Allied nations: Australia, Canada, China, France, Great Britain, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Soviet Union and the United States of America. The Tokyo trial lasted two and a half years, from May 1946 to November 1948. Other war criminals were tried in the respective victim countries. War crime trials were held at ten different locations in China.
The Journal of Modern History Electronic Edition
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ("the USHMM") freely provides the information contained on this website to our website visitors. Although the USHMM makes every reasonable effort to provide accurate information, the USHMM cannot guarantee the accuracy, reliability, currency, or completeness of the information contained on this website or on any other website with which it is linked. The USHMM therefore disclaims responsibility for any errors in the information provided, and the USHMM urges all visitors to this website to take their own steps to obtain independent verification of the information provided. In addition, the USHMM disclaims all warranties, including the implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, in regard to the information provided on this website.
历史学>世界史>地区和国别史
Useful Websites for Teaching and Research in U.S. History 由Wang Xi整理提供，包括有关美国史研究的综合网站、专题研究、电子文本下载等。
American and British History Resources on the Internet
The American Historical Review 美国历史评论，美国历史学会主办。
Selected U.S. History Resources on the Web Those looking for U.S. history sites on the Web are fortunate that there are some excellent subject-based directories.
New American Studies Web Pilot Version The new version is a topical database of over 2,000 web-based resources in American Studies.
National Archives and Records Administration of USA
The Early America Review A Journal of Fact and Opinion On the People, Issues and Events Of 18th Century America.
The Mayflower Web Page 关于“五月花号”。
Diplomatic History Resources Index This page lists those sites with webmasters who have been kind enough to include a link to the U.S. Diplomatic History Resources Index.
Index of Civil War Information available on the Internet 关于美国南北战争。
German Studies Trails on the Internet:Andreas Lixl, Professor of German at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (USA). Listed here are some of the most useful interdisciplinary German resources on the World Wide Web. These literature and culture trails are designed for everyone who likes to explore the Internet as a virtual language laboratory or engage in research and study projects, including Germanistik and literary theory or online museums. Younger readers can connect to children's pages on the KinderWeb, others can join German Chatrooms, and work through German Web Exercises on various levels of proficiency, or look for multimedia Teaching Tools and Software links. Visit our UNCG Multimedia Language Center for popular culture laboratory links and resources, including the MIT list of Real Audio links to Central European Radio Stations.
Italian History The resources pertain to the history of Italy and are organized by historical era.
Irish History on the Web provides a unique resource for anyone interested in learning about or researching a wide variety of Irish history topics. Like a sourcebook, most of the links found here will lead to primary documents, original essays, bibliographies or specific informational sites, all of which are visited prior to inclusion on this site.
Sí, Spain promotes free exchange of information on Spanish current affairs and its historical, linguistic and cultural development, has begun its third phase through the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. German, French and Spanish versions will progressively follow.
REESWeb: Russian and East European Studies Internet Resources:The REESWeb is a comprehensive index of electronic resources on the Balkans, the Baltic states, the Caucusus, Central Asia, Central Europe, the CIS, Eastern Europe, the NIS, the Russian Federation, and the former Soviet Union. Submissions are always welcome. The REESWeb is sponsored by the Center for Russian and East European Studies of the University of Pittsburgh, a National Resource Center for Russian and East European Studies.
Soviet Archives Exhibit This Library of Congress Soviet Archives exhibition is important for what it represents, what it contains, and what it suggests. It represents a new Russia, willing and anxious under its first democratically elected president, Boris Yeltsin, to affirm the core democratic value of open access to information. Shortly after defeating the attempted coup of August 1991, a group from the victorious democratic resistance led by the chief archivist of Russia, Rudolph Pikhoia, took over the previously top secret archives of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and began the process of both consolidating democratic control over all archives in Russia and attempting to make them available for the first time for public study.
A Resource for Turkic and Jewish History in Russia and Ukraine
The WWW Virtual Library: Latin American Studies
National Archives of Australia
National Centre for Australia Studies:The Centre aims to promote excellence in the teaching and research of Australian studies by offering innovative postgraduate courses, developing resources for undergraduate teaching, maintaining relevant databases, and undertaking a vigorous research program. The Centre promotes an understanding of Australian society in local, domestic and international communities. In its teaching and research, the Centre draws particularly on history, geography, visual arts and literature, and is also developing ties with Asian studies, cultural studies, education, sociology, law and environmental science.
National Archives of Canada
New Zealand Government Online
The Center for Middle Eastern Studies by The University of Texas at Austin.
日本历史与文化（BIG5）

史蒂夫．乔布斯05年在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲稿。谢谢

5213zxjx果CEO乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲稿[中英]苹果计算机公司CEO史蒂夫•乔布斯6.14在斯坦福大学对即将毕业的大学生们进行演讲时说，从大学里辍学是他这一生做出的最为明智的一个选择，因为它逼迫他学会了创新。 乔布斯对操场上挤的满满的毕业生、校友和家长们说：“你的时间有限，所以最好别把它浪费在模仿别人这种事上。” －－同样地，如果还在学校的话，似乎不应该去模仿退学的牛人们。
You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says
Jobs说，你必须要找到你所爱的东西。
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.
这是苹果公司和Pixar动画工作室的CEO Steve Jobs于2005年6月12号在斯坦福大学的毕业典礼上面的演讲稿。
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
我今天很荣幸能和你们一起参加毕业典礼，斯坦福大学是世界上最好的大学之一。我从来没有从大学中毕业。说实话,今天也许是在我的生命中离大学毕业最近的一天了。今天我想向你们讲述我生活中的三个故事。不是什么大不了的事情,只是三个故事而已。
The first story is about connecting the dots.
第一个故事是关于如何把生命中的点点滴滴串连起来。
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
我在Reed大学读了六个月之后就退学了,但是在十八个月以后——我真正的作出退学决定之前,我还经常去学校。我为什么要退学呢？
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
故事从我出生的时候讲起。我的亲生母亲是一个年轻的,没有结婚的大学毕业生。她决定让别人收养我, 她十分想让我被大学毕业生收养。所以在我出生的时候，她已经做好了一切的准备工作，能使得我被一个律师和他的妻子所收养。但是她没有料到,当我出生之后,律师夫妇突然决定他们想要一个女孩。 所以我的生养父母（他们还在我亲生父母的观察名单上）突然在半夜接到了一个电话:“我们现在这儿有一个不小心生出来的男婴,你们想要他吗？”他们回答道:“当然！”但是我亲生母亲随后发现，我的养母从来没有上过大学,我的父亲甚至从没有读过高中。她拒绝签这个收养合同。只是在几个月以后,我的父母答应她一定要让我上大学,那个时候她才同意。
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
在十七岁那年,我真的上了大学。但是我很愚蠢的选择了一个几乎和你们斯坦福大学一样贵的学校, 我父母还处于蓝领阶层，他们几乎把所有积蓄都花在了我的学费上面。在六个月后, 我已经看不到其中的价值所在。我不知道我想要在生命中做什么,我也不知道大学能帮助我找到怎样的答案。 但是在这里，我几乎花光了我父母这一辈子的所有积蓄。所以我决定要退学,我觉得这是个正确的决定。不能否认,我当时确实非常的害怕, 但是现在回头看看,那的确是我这一生中最棒的一个决定。在我做出退学决定的那一刻, 我终于可以不必去读那些令我提不起丝毫兴趣的课程了。然后我还可以去修那些看起来有点意思的课程。
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
但是这并不是那么罗曼蒂克。我失去了我的宿舍,所以我只能在朋友房间的地板上面睡觉,我去捡5美分的可乐瓶子，仅仅为了填饱肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿过这个城市到Hare Krishna寺庙（注：位于纽约Brooklyn下城）,只是为了能吃上饭——这个星期唯一一顿好一点的饭。但是我喜欢这样。我跟着我的直觉和好奇心走, 遇到的很多东西,此后被证明是无价之宝。让我给你们举一个例子吧：
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
Reed大学在那时提供也许是全美最好的美术字课程。在这个大学里面的每个海报, 每个抽屉的标签上面全都是漂亮的美术字。因为我退学了, 没有受到正规的训练, 所以我决定去参加这个课程，去学学怎样写出漂亮的美术字。我学到了san serif 和serif字体, 我学会了怎么样在不同的字母组合之中改变空格的长度, 还有怎么样才能作出最棒的印刷式样。那是一种科学永远不能捕捉到的、美丽的、真实的艺术精妙, 我发现那实在是太美妙了。
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
当时看起来这些东西在我的生命中，好像都没有什么实际应用的可能。但是十年之后,当我们在设计第一台Macintosh电脑的时候,就不是那样了。我把当时我学的那些家伙全都设计进了Mac。那是第一台使用了漂亮的印刷字体的电脑。如果我当时没有退学, 就不会有机会去参加这个我感兴趣的美术字课程, Mac就不会有这么多丰富的字体，以及赏心悦目的字体间距。那么现在个人电脑就不会有现在这么美妙的字型了。当然我在大学的时候，还不可能把从前的点点滴滴串连起来,但是当我十年后回顾这一切的时候,真的豁然开朗了。
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
再次说明的是,你在向前展望的时候不可能将这些片断串连起来；你只能在回顾的时候将点点滴滴串连起来。所以你必须相信这些片断会在你未来的某一天串连起来。你必须要相信某些东西：你的勇气、目的、生命、因缘。这个过程从来没有令我失望（let me down）,只是让我的生命更加地与众不同而已。
My second story is about love and loss.
我的第二个故事是关于爱和损失的。
I was lucky – I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
我非常幸运, 因为我在很早的时候就找到了我钟爱的东西。Woz和我在二十岁的时候就在父母的车库里面开创了苹果公司。我们工作得很努力, 十年之后, 这个公司从那两个车库中的穷光蛋发展到了超过四千名的雇员、价值超过二十亿的大公司。在公司成立的第九年,我们刚刚发布了最好的产品,那就是Macintosh。我也快要到三十岁了。在那一年, 我被炒了鱿鱼。你怎么可能被你自己创立的公司炒了鱿鱼呢? 嗯,在苹果快速成长的时候，我们雇用了一个很有天分的家伙和我一起管理这个公司, 在最初的几年,公司运转的很好。但是后来我们对未来的看法发生了分歧, 最终我们吵了起来。当争吵不可开交的时候, 董事会站在了他的那一边。所以在三十岁的时候, 我被炒了。在这么多人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生命的全部支柱离自己远去, 这真是毁灭性的打击。
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me – I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
在最初的几个月里，我真是不知道该做些什么。我把从前的创业激情给丢了, 我觉得自己让与我一同创业的人都很沮丧。我和David Pack和Bob Boyce见面，并试图向他们道歉。我把事情弄得糟糕透顶了。但是我渐渐发现了曙光, 我仍然喜爱我从事的这些东西。苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这些, 一点也没有。我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱它。所以我决定从头再来。
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
我当时没有觉察, 但是事后证明, 从苹果公司被炒是我这辈子发生的最棒的事情。因为，作为一个成功者的极乐感觉被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替: 对任何事情都不那么特别看重。这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
在接下来的五年里, 我创立了一个名叫NeXT的公司, 还有一个叫Pixar的公司, 然后和一个后来成为我妻子的优雅女人相识。Pixar 制作了世界上第一个用电脑制作的动画电影——“”玩具总动员”,Pixar现在也是世界上最成功的电脑制作工作室。在后来的一系列运转中,Apple收购了NeXT, 然后我又回到了Apple公司。我们在NeXT发展的技术在Apple的复兴之中发挥了关键的作用。我还和Laurence 一起建立了一个幸福的家庭。
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
我可以非常肯定,如果我不被Apple开除的话, 这其中一件事情也不会发生的。这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要这个药。有些时候, 生活会拿起一块砖头向你的脑袋上猛拍一下。不要失去信心。我很清楚唯一使我一直走下去的，就是我做的事情令我无比钟爱。你需要去找到你所爱的东西。对于工作是如此, 对于你的爱人也是如此。你的工作将会占据生活中很大的一部分。你只有相信自己所做的是伟大的工作, 你才能怡然自得。如果你现在还没有找到, 那么继续找、不要停下来、全心全意的去找, 当你找到的时候你就会知道的。就像任何真诚的关系, 随着岁月的流逝只会越来越紧密。所以继续找，直到你找到它，不要停下来！
My third story is about death.
我的第三个故事是关于死亡的。
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
当我十七岁的时候, 我读到了一句话:“如果你把每一天都当作生命中最后一天去生活的话,那么有一天你会发现你是正确的。”这句话给我留下了深刻的印象。从那时开始,过了33年,我在每天早晨都会对着镜子问自己:“如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你会不会完成你今天想做的事情呢？”当答案连续很多次被给予“不是”的时候, 我知道自己需要改变某些事情了。
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything – all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
“记住你即将死去”是我一生中遇到的最重要箴言。它帮我指明了生命中重要的选择。因为几乎所有的事情, 包括所有的荣誉、所有的骄傲、所有对难堪和失败的恐惧,这些在死亡面前都会消失。我看到的是留下的真正重要的东西。你有时候会思考你将会失去某些东西,“记住你即将死去”是我知道的避免这些想法的最好办法。你已经赤身裸体了, 你没有理由不去跟随自己的心一起跳动。
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
大概一年以前, 我被诊断出癌症。我在早晨七点半做了一个检查, 检查清楚的显示在我的胰腺有一个肿瘤。我当时都不知道胰腺是什么东西。医生告诉我那很可能是一种无法治愈的癌症, 我还有三到六个月的时间活在这个世界上。我的医生叫我回家, 然后整理好我的一切, 那就是医生准备死亡的程序。那意味着你将要把未来十年对你小孩说的话在几个月里面说完.；那意味着把每件事情都搞定, 让你的家人会尽可能轻松的生活；那意味着你要说“再见了”。
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
我整天和那个诊断书一起生活。后来有一天早上我作了一个活切片检查，医生将一个内窥镜从我的喉咙伸进去,通过我的胃, 然后进入我的肠子, 用一根针在我的胰腺上的肿瘤上取了几个细胞。我当时很镇静,因为我被注射了镇定剂。但是我的妻子在那里, 后来告诉我，当医生在显微镜地下观察这些细胞的时候他们开始尖叫, 因为这些细胞最后竟然是一种非常罕见的可以用手术治愈的胰腺癌症。我做了这个手术, 现在我痊愈了。
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
那是我最接近死亡的时候, 我还希望这也是以后的几十年最接近的一次。从死亡线上又活了过来, 死亡对我来说，只是一个有用但是纯粹是知识上的概念的时候，我可以更肯定一点地对你们说：
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
没有人愿意死, 即使人们想上天堂, 人们也不会为了去那里而死。但是死亡是我们每个人共同的终点。从来没有人能够逃脱它。也应该如此。 因为死亡就是生命中最好的一个发明。它将旧的清除以便给新的让路。你们现在是新的, 但是从现在开始不久以后, 你们将会逐渐的变成旧的然后被清除。我很抱歉这很戏剧性, 但是这十分的真实。
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notion
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.

APAMLAAMAChicago引文格式简介

APA,MLA,AMA,Chicago,Turabian引文格式简介：总起来说APA主要是用于心理、教育及社会科学等学科；MLA是用于人文、艺术等学科；AMA主要用于医学、健康及生物科学等学科；Chicago主要用于书籍、杂志、新闻等媒体。
在引用文献时，各个杂志有各个杂志的要求，但多遵循一种规范。常见的引文格式主要有APA，MLA和Chicago三种规范，Google Scholar也支持这三种引文格式的输出。这些引文格式之间有何区别？本文作一简要介绍。我也是一边学习一边撰写，就当一个学习笔记吧。
APAAPA是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association， APA）所制定的一种引文格式。APA主要用于心理、教育及社会科学等学科。
APA参考文献的文中格式一般为作者和发表日期加上页码，而非常见的数字格式。
最新的APA引文格式是第6版，出版于2009年。官方网站是
http://www.apastyle.org
，可以在其官方网站找到APA引文格式的最新版本。简要的概括一下，APA引文格式的要求主要有以下几个方面：
1、文章格式是双倍行间，包括参考文献也是如此。
2、引文要整体缩进0.5英寸或1.27cm。
3、引文排列顺序是第一作者姓氏的字母顺序。
4、作者的姓氏第一个字母大写，全名并不要求大写。
5、如果引文中有2篇或2篇以上的引文是同一作者，排序则以引文发表年代计算。
6、文章第一个字母要大写，杂志名称要全部大写。
7、杂志及期刊卷要用斜体，期刊的期不要斜体。如果引文是书籍或者报告，题目也要斜体。
8、文章中要是有图表的话要置于文末，并且要提供原始图表。
这样说有些空洞，来几个例子。其实以下内容您可以忽略。
Journal Article: 有电子版及书面版，有DOI编号
Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0302_13
Journal Article: 无DOI编号
Hodges, F. M. (2003). The promised planet: Alliances and struggles of the gerontocracy in American television science fiction of the 1960s. The Aging Male, 6, 175-182. Retrieved from
http://www.informaworld.com/TheAgingMale
Magazine Article
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain:  Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, pp. A3, A20-A22.
Ebert, R. (2009, May 6). [Review of the motion picture Star trek, produced by Paramount, 2009]. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved from
http://rogerebert.suntimes.com
Books
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York, NY: Pocket Books.
书籍无作者或者作者是团体
Star trek: Four generations of stars, stories, and strange new worlds.  (1995). Radnor, PA: News America Publications.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In L. T. Lorimer et al. (Eds.), The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED364932)
Websites:
Epsicokhan, J. (2004, February 20). Confessions of a closet trekkie. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Jammer's Reviews website:
http://www.jammersreviews.com/articles/confessions.php
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2009, May 28). NASA astronaut watches new Star trek movie in space. Retrieved from 
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/star_trek.html
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (2007, May 10). Mission could seek out Spock's home planet. Retrieved from PlanetQuest: Exoplanet Exploration website:
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/planetVulcan.cfm
The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007, October 24). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Star Trek Official Site website:
http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials/article/2310913.html
Blog
Zompist. (2009, September 30). Star wars: Hope not so new anymore  [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://zompist.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/star-wars-hope-not-so-new-anymore/
Internet Video
Crusade2267. (2006, November 02). For the uniform: One fan's obsession with Star trek, part 1 [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul5q4PTME-M
PowerPoint Presentation
Oard, D. W. (2001). Bringing Star trek to life: Computers that speak and listen [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Maryland TerpConnect website:
http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~oard/papers/cpsp118t.ppt
更多详情可以参阅APA Style Guide。如果您没有，可以从这里下载：
http://www.400gb.com/file/35683429
MLAMLA主(Modern Language Association)要是用于人文、艺术等学科。由Modern Language Association发布。最新的版本是第7版。
MLA文中的格式一般为作者加页码的形式，这点与APA大致类似，但是没有发表日期。
MLA就不详细叙述了，举个例子就可以明白，现在以下面的文献为例说明一下。
Cummings, E.,  Schermerhorn, A., Merrilees, C., Goeke-Morey, M.,  Shirlow, P., & Cairns, E. (2010). Political violence and child adjustment in Northern Ireland: Testing pathways in a social–ecological model including single-and two-parent families. Developmental Psychology, 46, 827-841. doi: 10.1037/a0019668
如果是MLA格式，在文中引用时是这样的
(Cummings et al. 827)
如果是ALA格式的话，在文中引用时是这样的
(Cummings et al., 2010)
这两种格式的作者都是只写姓，2位作者ALA用&连接，MLA用and连接，3位以上作者都是加et al.
这两个格式的区别在于一个是作者+日期，一个是作者+页码。
AMAAMA主要用于医学、健康及生物科学等学科。
AMA恐怕是最常见的引文格式，在文中是以数字的形式出现。总体来说大致有以几个特点：
1、引文根据在文中出现的顺序而编号。
2、杂志名是以斜体或者下划线的形式出现。
3、作者的姓和名首字母都要大写，如果是6位以上作者，只展示前3位，其它的用et al.省略。
4、杂志名称缩写，要加卷和期及页码。
5、书籍要加版本，如3rd。
以下例文献为例
1. Wilcox RV. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: the next generation. Stud Pop Culture. 1991;13:53-65.
该引文如在文中第一次出现，则编码1，文末格式如上。
ChicagoChicago主要用于书籍、杂志、新闻等媒体。Chicago有时还叫CMS或者CMOS。但是自从1906第一个规范版本发布以后，统一称为Chicago。
即使Chicago都有两种不同的格式，具体可以去官网
http://www.office9.cn/upload/20211117/h2p
除此之外，还有一些其它格式，如 Turabian格式，CSE格式，IEEE格式等等。太多了，都有自己的要求。
其实也不用记这么多，投稿时根据杂志要求来修改引文格式就可以了。
幸好，EndNote已内置了上百种杂志的格式，直接利用就可以了，也不用管具体格式是如何。因为 EndNote 已经为您完全按照杂志要求把引文格式化了。
但是有的杂志要求比较特殊，EndNote 并未收录其格式要求，此时也不怕，可以EndNote修改引文格式的方法来修改引文格式，然后格式化一下即可。

2020-12-06 labview用I/O Server连接modbus（填坑）

modbus是一种比较通用的协议，用来做数据采集很方便，也很便宜，至少比NI的板卡便宜两个量级，但是配置较为复杂，同时采集速率并不高。对于1s左右采样间隔的数据来说，modbus是一种非常合适的方式。
labview使用modbus有很多种方法，其中最方便地第一种就是用共享变量引擎（Shared Variable Engine, SVE）来读写modbus的寄存器（类似模拟IO）和线圈（数字IO）。其他方法比较繁琐，因此这里只研究了这种labview使用I/O Server访问modbus的方式，其它的比如采用VISA的modbus串口/TCP VI进行读写的方式以及采用OPC服务器进行读写的方式在这里就不研究了。
这里采用的win10 64bit中文版系统，Labview 2018（和谐版），同时安装了分布式控制系统（Distributed Control System, DSC），这样就可以使用modbus I/O Server了，根据官网资料，除了labview，必须还要安装DSC或者RT模块，才能使用modbus，其中最好是安装DSC模块。
这里的系统架构如下图所示，Labview负责逻辑和前端展示，与PLC的modbus协议进行交互是通过I/O Server完成的。I/O Server其实是NI 的共享变量引擎SVE的一种插件。所以在运行的时候需要安装和启动SVE。
这个SVE一般在windows里面是以服务形式安装的，安装的服务名为NITaggerService，安装位置是在C:\Program Files (x86)\National Instruments\Shared\Tagger。如果是SVE的一些问题，可以查看这个服务是否启动。但是坑爹的NI没有说log文件在哪儿，有时候查错很麻烦。
安装了DSC之后，就可以启用modbus I/O Server了，对于中文Win10系统装labview 2018而言，坑的地方在于你按照官网教程走完是不行的，会出现modbus变量无法读取的问题，并且显示链接已经断开。如果你手动启动SVE服务（即：NITaggerService），当时是可以启动的，然后你用NI分布式系统管理器（NI distributed system manager）查看变量会不成功，再看服务已经停止了，但是由于没有log文件，所以我们也不知道它什么时候停止的。
后来发现一个方法可以修正这个问题：在NI分布式系统管理器中重新编辑一次I/O Server（参考下土），再在“操作”菜单下点击“启动本地共享变量引擎”，所有的值就正常了。 
modbus在I/O Server中的的地址设置比较诡异，是按照[数据解释类型][功能码地址头][PLC格式的起始地址].[位]来区分的。
比如SD400002，其中数据解释类型是SD，表示有符号的双字整数（Signed DWord Integer），双字意味着这是个32位的整数，需要两个寄存器，功能码地址头是4，表示功能码是3，即modbus的保持寄存器（Holding Register）字段，后面的PLC格式的起始地址是5位的00002，也就是从第2个寄存器开始，连续取2个寄存器（即00002和00003），组合成有符号的双字整数。
至于组合的过程涉及到大小端（Endianness）的问题，大小端涉及到byte order和word order的问题，一个word就是一个寄存器（16位），一个byte是8位，当一个寄存器中的两个byte组合并解释为变量的具体取值的时候，可以选择把哪个byte放到前面，哪个byte放到后面，这就是byte order，大部分情况下，byte order是大端在前（big endianness），而word order则是在两个寄存器储存的两个16位的字（word），如何组成32位的数据，不同的厂商会有不同的约定，这个就差异比较大了，需要查看手册。
NI的modbus I/O Server中，word order可以在高级选项中设置，但是byte order是没有地方可以设置的。
此外，NI还有一个比较坑爹的地方是它的modbus tcp连接不支持502以外的端口。也就是一个IP地址最多只能对应一个modbus，虽然可以靠Unit ID来进行区分，但是实际使用中也可能存在用不同端口区分设备的情况。
1.[How LabVIEW Uses I/O Servers](
https://www.ni.com/zh-cn/innovations/white-papers/12/how-labview-uses-i-o-servers.html
)
2. [Connect LabVIEW to Any PLC Using OPC](
https://knowledge.ni.com/KnowledgeArticleDetails?id=kA03q000000x0MPCAY&l=zh-CN
)